{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Line Charts\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Simple line chart](#Simple-line-chart)\n",
    "    * [Data transform in Vega-Lite](#Data-transform-in-Vega-Lite)\n",
    "    * [Data transform in Pandas](#Data-transform-in-Pandas)\n",
    "    * [Log scale](#Log-scale)\n",
    "* [Grouped line chart](#Grouped-line-chart)\n",
    "* [Line chart with custom path](#Line-chart-with-custom-path)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import altair as alt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from vega_datasets import data\n",
    "stocks = data.stocks()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Simple line chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Data transform in Vega-Lite"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-1\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    const outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-1\");\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.0.0?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-96e857a61c6b623bafe23440d582a500\"}, \"mark\": \"line\", \"encoding\": {\"x\": {\"type\": \"temporal\", \"field\": \"date\"}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"price\"}}, \"transform\": [{\"filter\": \"datum.symbol == 'GOOG'\"}], \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.0.0.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-96e857a61c6b623bafe23440d582a500\": [{\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 39.81}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 36.35}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 43.22}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.37}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 25.45}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 32.54}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": 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\"2001-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.21}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.82}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.65}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.12}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.95}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 25.92}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.73}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 24.53}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.26}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.71}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 22.25}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.52}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.97}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": 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\"2010-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 529.94}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 526.8}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 560.19}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 25.94}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.66}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 33.95}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 31.01}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.0}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.19}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 25.41}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 30.47}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 12.88}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2000-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 9.78}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": 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\"2003-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 7.18}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 7.51}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 7.07}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 7.11}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 8.98}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 9.53}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 10.54}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 11.31}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 10.36}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 11.44}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 10.45}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2003-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 10.69}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 11.28}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 11.96}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 13.52}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 12.89}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 14.03}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 16.27}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 16.17}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 17.25}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.38}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.2}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 33.53}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2004-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 32.2}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2005-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 38.45}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2005-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 44.86}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": 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\"2006-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 70.39}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 59.77}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 57.27}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 67.96}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 67.85}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 76.98}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 81.08}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 91.66}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2006-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 84.84}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 85.73}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 84.61}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 92.91}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 99.8}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 121.19}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 122.04}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 131.76}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 138.48}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 153.47}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 189.95}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 182.22}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2007-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 198.08}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 135.36}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 125.02}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 143.5}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 173.95}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 188.75}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 167.44}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 158.95}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 169.53}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 113.66}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 107.59}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 92.67}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 85.35}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 90.13}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 89.31}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 105.12}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 125.83}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 135.81}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 142.43}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 163.39}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 168.21}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 185.35}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 188.5}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 199.91}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 210.73}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2010-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 192.06}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2010-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 204.62}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2010-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 223.02}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(stocks).mark_line().encode(\n",
    "    x='date:T',\n",
    "    y='price:Q'\n",
    ").transform_filter(\"datum.symbol == 'GOOG'\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Data transform in Pandas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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{\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 417.94}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 371.82}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 419.33}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 386.6}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 378.53}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 401.9}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 476.39}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 484.81}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 460.48}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 501.5}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 449.45}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 458.16}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 471.38}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 497.91}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 522.7}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 510.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 515.25}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 567.27}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 707.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 693.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 691.48}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 564.3}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 471.18}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 440.47}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 574.29}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 585.8}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 526.42}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 473.75}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 463.29}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 400.52}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 359.36}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 292.96}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 307.65}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 338.53}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 337.99}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 348.06}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 395.97}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 417.23}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 421.59}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 443.05}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 461.67}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 495.85}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 536.12}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 583.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 619.98}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 529.94}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 526.8}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 560.19}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "GOOG = stocks.query('symbol == \"GOOG\"')\n",
    "\n",
    "alt.Chart(GOOG).mark_line().encode(\n",
    "    x='date:T',\n",
    "    y='price:Q'\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Log scale"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-3\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    const outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-3\");\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.0.0?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-0fff2011ed9b71fa721c2b85edd74396\"}, \"mark\": \"line\", \"encoding\": {\"x\": {\"type\": \"temporal\", \"field\": \"date\"}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"price\", \"scale\": {\"type\": \"log\"}}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.0.0.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-0fff2011ed9b71fa721c2b85edd74396\": [{\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2004-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 102.37}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2004-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 129.6}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2004-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 190.64}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2004-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 181.98}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2004-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 192.79}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 195.62}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 187.99}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 180.51}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 220.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 277.27}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 294.15}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 287.76}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 286.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 316.46}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 372.14}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 404.91}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2005-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 414.86}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 432.66}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 362.62}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 390.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 417.94}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 371.82}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 419.33}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 386.6}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 378.53}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 401.9}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 476.39}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 484.81}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2006-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 460.48}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 501.5}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 449.45}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 458.16}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 471.38}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 497.91}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 522.7}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 510.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 515.25}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 567.27}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 707.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 693.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2007-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 691.48}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 564.3}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 471.18}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 440.47}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 574.29}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 585.8}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 526.42}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 473.75}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 463.29}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 400.52}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 359.36}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 292.96}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2008-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 307.65}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 338.53}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 337.99}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 348.06}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 395.97}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 417.23}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 421.59}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 443.05}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 461.67}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 495.85}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 536.12}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 583.0}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2009-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 619.98}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 529.94}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 526.8}, {\"symbol\": \"GOOG\", \"date\": \"2010-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 560.19}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(GOOG).mark_line().encode(\n",
    "    y=alt.Y('price:Q', scale=alt.Scale(type='log')),\n",
    "    x='date:T',\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Grouped line chart"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-4\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    const outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-4\");\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.0.0?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-96e857a61c6b623bafe23440d582a500\"}, \"mark\": \"line\", \"encoding\": {\"color\": {\"type\": \"nominal\", \"field\": \"symbol\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"temporal\", \"field\": \"date\"}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"price\"}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.0.0.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-96e857a61c6b623bafe23440d582a500\": [{\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 39.81}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 36.35}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 43.22}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.37}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 25.45}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 32.54}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.4}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.4}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 24.53}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.02}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.34}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2000-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 17.65}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 24.84}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 24.0}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 22.25}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 27.56}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 28.14}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 29.7}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.93}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.21}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.82}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.65}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.12}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2001-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 26.95}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 25.92}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.73}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 24.53}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.26}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.71}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 22.25}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.52}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.97}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 17.79}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.75}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 23.46}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2002-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.03}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.31}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.34}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 19.76}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.87}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.09}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 20.93}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.56}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 21.65}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": \"2003-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 22.69}, {\"symbol\": \"MSFT\", \"date\": 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\"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 167.44}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 158.95}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 169.53}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 113.66}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 107.59}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 92.67}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2008-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 85.35}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 90.13}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 89.31}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 105.12}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-04-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 125.83}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-05-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 135.81}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-06-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 142.43}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-07-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 163.39}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-08-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 168.21}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-09-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 185.35}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-10-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 188.5}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-11-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 199.91}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2009-12-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 210.73}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2010-01-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 192.06}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2010-02-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 204.62}, {\"symbol\": \"AAPL\", \"date\": \"2010-03-01T00:00:00\", \"price\": 223.02}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "alt.Chart(stocks).mark_line().encode(\n",
    "    x='date:T',\n",
    "    y='price',\n",
    "    color='symbol',\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Line chart with custom path"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-5\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    const outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-5\");\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.0.0?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-e24c277102dddc2eceb7d9aaeb087c70\"}, \"mark\": \"line\", \"encoding\": {\"order\": {\"type\": \"temporal\", \"field\": \"year\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"miles\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"gas\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.0.0.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-e24c277102dddc2eceb7d9aaeb087c70\": [{\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1956, \"miles\": 3675, \"gas\": 2.38}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1957, \"miles\": 3706, \"gas\": 2.4}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1958, \"miles\": 3766, \"gas\": 2.26}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1959, \"miles\": 3905, \"gas\": 2.31}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1960, \"miles\": 3935, \"gas\": 2.27}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1961, \"miles\": 3977, \"gas\": 2.25}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1962, \"miles\": 4085, \"gas\": 2.22}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1963, \"miles\": 4218, \"gas\": 2.12}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1964, \"miles\": 4369, \"gas\": 2.11}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1965, \"miles\": 4538, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1966, \"miles\": 4676, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1967, \"miles\": 4827, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1968, \"miles\": 5038, \"gas\": 2.13}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1969, \"miles\": 5207, \"gas\": 2.07}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1970, \"miles\": 5376, \"gas\": 2.01}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1971, \"miles\": 5617, \"gas\": 1.9300000000000002}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1972, \"miles\": 5973, \"gas\": 1.87}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1973, \"miles\": 6154, \"gas\": 1.9}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1974, \"miles\": 5943, \"gas\": 2.34}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1975, \"miles\": 6111, \"gas\": 2.31}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1976, \"miles\": 6389, \"gas\": 2.32}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1977, \"miles\": 6630, \"gas\": 2.36}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1978, \"miles\": 6883, \"gas\": 2.23}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1979, \"miles\": 6744, \"gas\": 2.68}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1980, \"miles\": 6672, \"gas\": 3.3}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1981, \"miles\": 6732, \"gas\": 3.3}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1982, \"miles\": 6835, \"gas\": 2.92}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1983, \"miles\": 6943, \"gas\": 2.66}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1984, \"miles\": 7130, \"gas\": 2.48}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1985, \"miles\": 7323, \"gas\": 2.36}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1986, \"miles\": 7558, \"gas\": 1.76}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1987, \"miles\": 7770, \"gas\": 1.76}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1988, \"miles\": 8089, \"gas\": 1.6800000000000002}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1989, \"miles\": 8397, \"gas\": 1.75}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1990, \"miles\": 8529, \"gas\": 1.88}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1991, \"miles\": 8535, \"gas\": 1.78}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1992, \"miles\": 8662, \"gas\": 1.69}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1993, \"miles\": 8855, \"gas\": 1.6}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1994, \"miles\": 8909, \"gas\": 1.5899999999999999}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1995, \"miles\": 9150, \"gas\": 1.6}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1996, \"miles\": 9192, \"gas\": 1.67}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1997, \"miles\": 9416, \"gas\": 1.65}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1998, \"miles\": 9590, \"gas\": 1.3900000000000001}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1999, \"miles\": 9687, \"gas\": 1.5}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 2000, \"miles\": 9717, \"gas\": 1.8900000000000001}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2001, \"miles\": 9699, \"gas\": 1.77}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 2002, \"miles\": 9814, \"gas\": 1.6400000000000001}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 2003, \"miles\": 9868, \"gas\": 1.8599999999999999}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2004, \"miles\": 9994, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2005, \"miles\": 10067, \"gas\": 2.5300000000000002}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 2006, \"miles\": 10037, \"gas\": 2.79}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 2007, \"miles\": 10025, \"gas\": 2.95}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2008, \"miles\": 9880, \"gas\": 3.31}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 2009, \"miles\": 9657, \"gas\": 2.38}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2010, \"miles\": 9596, \"gas\": 2.61}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "driving = data.driving()\n",
    "\n",
    "alt.Chart(driving).mark_line().encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('miles', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('gas', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    order='year:T',\n",
    ")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Layer points and lines with custom path"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "\n",
       "<div id=\"altair-viz-6\"></div>\n",
       "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n",
       "  (function(spec, embedOpt){\n",
       "    const outputDiv = document.getElementById(\"altair-viz-6\");\n",
       "    const paths = {\n",
       "      \"vega\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega@5?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lib\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lib?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-lite\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-lite@4.0.0?noext\",\n",
       "      \"vega-embed\": \"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm//vega-embed@6?noext\",\n",
       "    };\n",
       "\n",
       "    function loadScript(lib) {\n",
       "      return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {\n",
       "        var s = document.createElement('script');\n",
       "        s.src = paths[lib];\n",
       "        s.async = true;\n",
       "        s.onload = () => resolve(paths[lib]);\n",
       "        s.onerror = () => reject(`Error loading script: ${paths[lib]}`);\n",
       "        document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(s);\n",
       "      });\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function showError(err) {\n",
       "      outputDiv.innerHTML = `<div class=\"error\" style=\"color:red;\">${err}</div>`;\n",
       "      throw err;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
       "      requirejs.config({paths});\n",
       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
       "    } else if (typeof vegaEmbed === \"function\") {\n",
       "      displayChart(vegaEmbed);\n",
       "    } else {\n",
       "      loadScript(\"vega\")\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-lite\"))\n",
       "        .then(() => loadScript(\"vega-embed\"))\n",
       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
       "    }\n",
       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 400, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"layer\": [{\"mark\": \"line\", \"encoding\": {\"order\": {\"type\": \"temporal\", \"field\": \"year\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"miles\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"gas\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}}, {\"mark\": \"point\", \"encoding\": {\"order\": {\"type\": \"temporal\", \"field\": \"year\"}, \"x\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"miles\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}, \"y\": {\"type\": \"quantitative\", \"field\": \"gas\", \"scale\": {\"zero\": false}}}}], \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-e24c277102dddc2eceb7d9aaeb087c70\"}, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v4.0.0.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-e24c277102dddc2eceb7d9aaeb087c70\": [{\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1956, \"miles\": 3675, \"gas\": 2.38}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1957, \"miles\": 3706, \"gas\": 2.4}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1958, \"miles\": 3766, \"gas\": 2.26}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1959, \"miles\": 3905, \"gas\": 2.31}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1960, \"miles\": 3935, \"gas\": 2.27}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1961, \"miles\": 3977, \"gas\": 2.25}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1962, \"miles\": 4085, \"gas\": 2.22}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1963, \"miles\": 4218, \"gas\": 2.12}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1964, \"miles\": 4369, \"gas\": 2.11}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1965, \"miles\": 4538, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1966, \"miles\": 4676, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1967, \"miles\": 4827, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1968, \"miles\": 5038, \"gas\": 2.13}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1969, \"miles\": 5207, \"gas\": 2.07}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1970, \"miles\": 5376, \"gas\": 2.01}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1971, \"miles\": 5617, \"gas\": 1.9300000000000002}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1972, \"miles\": 5973, \"gas\": 1.87}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1973, \"miles\": 6154, \"gas\": 1.9}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1974, \"miles\": 5943, \"gas\": 2.34}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1975, \"miles\": 6111, \"gas\": 2.31}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1976, \"miles\": 6389, \"gas\": 2.32}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1977, \"miles\": 6630, \"gas\": 2.36}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1978, \"miles\": 6883, \"gas\": 2.23}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1979, \"miles\": 6744, \"gas\": 2.68}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1980, \"miles\": 6672, \"gas\": 3.3}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1981, \"miles\": 6732, \"gas\": 3.3}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1982, \"miles\": 6835, \"gas\": 2.92}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1983, \"miles\": 6943, \"gas\": 2.66}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1984, \"miles\": 7130, \"gas\": 2.48}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1985, \"miles\": 7323, \"gas\": 2.36}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1986, \"miles\": 7558, \"gas\": 1.76}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1987, \"miles\": 7770, \"gas\": 1.76}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1988, \"miles\": 8089, \"gas\": 1.6800000000000002}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1989, \"miles\": 8397, \"gas\": 1.75}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1990, \"miles\": 8529, \"gas\": 1.88}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1991, \"miles\": 8535, \"gas\": 1.78}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1992, \"miles\": 8662, \"gas\": 1.69}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 1993, \"miles\": 8855, \"gas\": 1.6}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1994, \"miles\": 8909, \"gas\": 1.5899999999999999}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1995, \"miles\": 9150, \"gas\": 1.6}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 1996, \"miles\": 9192, \"gas\": 1.67}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1997, \"miles\": 9416, \"gas\": 1.65}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 1998, \"miles\": 9590, \"gas\": 1.3900000000000001}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 1999, \"miles\": 9687, \"gas\": 1.5}, {\"side\": \"top\", \"year\": 2000, \"miles\": 9717, \"gas\": 1.8900000000000001}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2001, \"miles\": 9699, \"gas\": 1.77}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 2002, \"miles\": 9814, \"gas\": 1.6400000000000001}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 2003, \"miles\": 9868, \"gas\": 1.8599999999999999}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2004, \"miles\": 9994, \"gas\": 2.14}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2005, \"miles\": 10067, \"gas\": 2.5300000000000002}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 2006, \"miles\": 10037, \"gas\": 2.79}, {\"side\": \"right\", \"year\": 2007, \"miles\": 10025, \"gas\": 2.95}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2008, \"miles\": 9880, \"gas\": 3.31}, {\"side\": \"bottom\", \"year\": 2009, \"miles\": 9657, \"gas\": 2.38}, {\"side\": \"left\", \"year\": 2010, \"miles\": 9596, \"gas\": 2.61}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.LayerChart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "base = alt.Chart(driving).encode(\n",
    "    alt.X('miles', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    alt.Y('gas', scale=alt.Scale(zero=False)),\n",
    "    order='year:T',\n",
    ")\n",
    "\n",
    "base.mark_line() + base.mark_point()"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "anaconda-cloud": {},
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
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  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
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   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.7.6"
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